11ac 802. This page on RSCP vs Ec/No vs RSSI covers difference between RSCP,Ec/No and RSSI with respect to WCDMA system. The 5G NR Throughput Calculator is developed as per 3GPP TS 38. RSSIA SIP plan calculator works on the following formula –. 1. csv file. UE does measurement of SS-RSRP and use it for cell selection, cell reselection, power control, mobility procedures and beam management procedures. A reception device includes: an RF circuit configured to receive a first signal transmitted from a first transmission device; and a processor configured to: determine whether at least one symbol of the first signal has a probability of receiving interference from a second signal transmitted from a second transmission device, and measure a reception quality based. 1 to -90 dBm: Good: Strong signal strength-90. RSRP = -102 dBm. LTE band. Uplink. MIMO. Evaluate ∑ n = 1 12 2 n + 5Add 2y to both sides to get 6x = 12 + 2y. This term was. 97 ››› -140 . 2. Have a look on the internet on how to put your phone in ‘Field Test Mode’. RSRP Received Signal Reported Power RSRP is the calculated average power from those 2 Resource Blocks (both receiver antennas are independent of each other, so only one is discussed) RSRQ (dBm) RSRP (dBm) Reference Signals from 10 of the Resource Elements in these 2 Resource Blocks to get average Power of signal. Step 2: Click the blue arrow to submit. RSRQ = N × RSRP/ (EUTRA carrier RSSI), As you see from the definition of RSSI, RSSI contains all sorts of power including power from co-channel serving & non-serving cells, adjacent channel interference, thermal noise, etc. CSI-RSRP (CSI reference signal received power): CSI-RSRP is defined as the linear average over the power contributions of the resource elements of the antenna ports, which carry CSI-RS configured for RSRP measurements. In this page we highlight some of question about SINR & RSRQ relations. Here you will find free loan, mortgage, time value of money, math, algebra, trigonometry, fractions, physics, statistics, time & date and conversions calculators. RSRQ = N × RSRP/ (EUTRA carrier RSSI), As you see from the definition of RSSI, RSSI contains all sorts of power including power from co-channel serving & non-serving cells, adjacent channel interference, thermal noise, etc. 2/12. 29. As RSRQ is a ratio of two signal powers with same same unit ( i. 11ad wimax Zigbee z-wave GSM LTE UMTS Bluetooth UWB IoT satellite Antenna RADAR ARTICLES. RSSI: recieved signal strength indicator. Many devices show RSSI for LTE connections along with RSRP, but RSRP is a better indicator of signal strength. See How Much You Could Save in a Registered Retirement Savings Plan (RRSP) Tell us a few details to see how much and how fast your money could grow over time as you regularly save for retirement * . The basic idea on RSRP/RSRQ in NR is also similar to. data rate) calculator is also described. RSRP mapping 3GPP TS 36. 9. These methods provide information about network experience satisfaction and geographical location exceptions, thereby effectively guiding network optimisation. In other. RSRP, RSRQ, SINR, CQI, and throughput values were recorded in a stationary position for each measurement while downloading 500 MB of. 101-2 documents. This tool will help you see how changing what you put in your registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) can affect your retirement savings. CPICH:. 78 dBm ; RSRQ (dBm) = -10. PSS and SSS values and calculates PCI as output. 2. Empirically, a 23. Typically the device loses about 0. 2 and 5. 304. No . words, for LTE, RSSI measurement bandwidth is all active subcarriers. At the end of the study, the effects of RSRP, RSRQ, SINR,The formula used in 5G NR throughput (i. Ec/No= RSCP / RSSI (dB) . When you use various test equipment, there are cases where different equipment use different power concept. BAH rates increased by 12. ”. Slope Calculator. RSRP measurements are used in handover, cell selection and cell re-selections. Mortgages. The range in the signaling may. You determine wheather your pilot ch is polluted or attenuated by measuring on it (EcNo,RSCP,RSSI). Not all routers or modems will report RSSI,SINR,RSRQ,RSRP or even just "signal", but here's our guide to the expected results: Signal quality* Poor Fair Good Excellent Rare WiFi N (2. New research concludes that the new rule is as low as 2. It is essentially a compound interest formula with one of the variables being the number of times the interest is compounded in a year. 3. RSRP provides information about signal strength and gives no indication of signal quality. The compounded interest powers the mutual fund returns. RSSI is a pure wide band power measurement,. Annually (APY) Semi-annually Quarterly Monthly (APR) Semi-monthly Biweekly Weekly Daily Continuously. Throughput = 75376 * 1000 = 75. Compute the area of the room: area = 4 m × 5 m = 20 m². Square footage = Length (feet) × Width (feet) To give an example, if a bedroom measures 16 feet by 12 feet, the calculation would be 16 multiplied by 12, resulting in a square footage of 192 (16 × 12 = 192). . I hope this might help a bit. 67,700 and a Level 11 (6600 GP), these employees can expect a comfortable income. 2. D D = distance between antennas. When it report this value, it does use the real RSRP value. 1. The values of RSSI and RSRP are used for the calculation. SubcarrierSpacing = 30; % 15, 30, 60, 120, 240 (kHz) simParameters. 79dBm ; PRBs/BW = 50; LTE RSRP and RSRQ CALCULATOR formula or equations. A UE maintains at most 4 pathloss estimates per serving cell for all PUSCH/PUCCH/SRS transmissions. RSRP – Reference Signal Received Power is an RSSI type of measurement. The spectral efficiency is simply the number of bits transmitted over a frequency bandwidth in a specific time and is measured in bits/s/Hz. If RSSI=-30dBm: signal is strong. RSRQ is Reference Signal Received Quality. 11ad wimax Zigbee z-wave GSM LTE UMTS Bluetooth UWB IoT satellite Antenna RADAR ARTICLES. Periodicity in Time Domain : Periodic, Aperiodic, Semipersistant. ii) Reciever measure the power of the signal from the transmitter. It will also show you what would happen if you took money out before you retire. RSRP (Reference Signal Received Power) is a parameter used in cellular networks to measure the power level of the reference signals transmitted by base stations (also known as eNodeBs or cell towers) to mobile devices. Base Station) is specified in 38 series of documents. Provide the inputs as per example mentioned as follows to the below calculator to determine 5G NR throughput. RSRQ – Indicates quality of the received signal, and its range is typically -19. 306 standard: NR User Equipment (UE) radio access capabilities and uses formula to obtain a 5G NR Throughput data rate in the DL (downlink) and the UL (uplink). RSSI varies with LTE subcarrier. No . RSRP refers to Reference-Signal-Receive-Power and measures the power of the reference signal received at the antenna of the device. To calculate your RRSP lifetime limit, add up each years' RRSP limit starting from the year you turned 18. In this case, the signal quality is actually very poor. 3, 2014 Sheet 7 of 17 US 2014/0092764 A1 [3333333333333333 HOSOd TWN)IS EONHHHHHH Š EXI] HH1 QNW H000d . 2. Loan Amount. So by definition, RSSI will be the total power transmitted over the 5Mhz carrier, which is going to be close to 20W. 03. It’s also possible. RSSI minimum = -120 dBm. Use our RRIF calculator to determine the minimum amount you must withdraw from your RRIF, LRIF or LIF once you convert. SSBRI,CRI used in L1-RSRP measurements. EIRP (Effective Isotropic Radiated Power) is the measured radiated power of an antenna in a specific direction. RNP design level SS-RSRP level depends of SSB SSS EPRE Beam Power. RSRQ indicates the quality of the received pilot signals from the current base station. 5G Measurement. RF and Wireless tutorials. The RSRP. The formula for 5G NR ARFCN is described in 3GPP TS 38. Rinner = hT − hR tan(ADT + θBW) 2 R i n n e r = h T − h R t a n ( A D T + θ B W) 2. RSRP is Reference Signal Received Power; RSSI is Received Signal Strength Indicator, calculated as an average of the total power measured within OFDM symbols that contain Reference. Miscellaneous » Automotive. 211 4 Frame structure). Get a New Phone/Hotspot sometimes is a good way to improve RSRP. This document also presents quantitative and visualised methods for evaluating service experience. It helps simplify the process of solving systems of linear equations. You can understand the workings of a SIP calculator with this formula. Physical-layer cell identity N ID cell = 3 x N ID (1) + N ID (2) PSS provides cell ID group N ID (2) in the range of 0 to 2 SSS provides N. 1. The work RVU calculator provides quick analysis of work relative value units associated with CPT ® and HCPCS Level II codes. The results of the parameter (SS-RSRP) observation showed that Scenario 2 (Downlink-O2O-NLOS) had the highest average SS-RSRP, namely-65. Of course, SINR is not a new parameter in NR. SINR is defined as: UE measures the power of multiple resource elements used to transfer the reference signal but then takes an average of them rather than summing them. SSBRI is short form of SS/PBCH Block Resource Indicator and CRI is short form of CSI Reference Signal Resource Indicator. e. Payments: Multiply the years of your loan by 12 months to calculate the total number of payments. In this page we highlight some of question about SINR & RSRQ relations. Rate it: RSRP. Benefits for Senior Citizens and Super Senior Citizens under Income-tax Act,1961 – e-Brochure by Income Tax Department. Enter the Frequency, MHz *. Free Space Path Loss. 5G NR Calculators. The application is currently supported on Android and Windows 10 Mobile devices. Hello, While reading a post on this forum I discovered an AT command not written in the manual (Quectel_RG50xQRM5xxQ_Series_AT_Commands_Manual_V1. The calculation is performed based on RSSI and channel Bandwidth considered. Modulation. The calculation is done based on RSSI and channel Bandwidth. E-UTRA Carrier Received Signal. 214, where N is the number of RBs over the measurement bandwidth. LTE Events A1, A2, A3, A4 and A5 are based upon either RSRP or RSRQ messages. LTE RSRP and RSRQ CALCULATOR EXAMPLE: Input : BW = 10 MHz , RSSI = -79 dBm Outputs : RSRP (dBm) = -106. We often use different concept of power definition depending on situations and we often get confused by these different power concept. RSRP mapping 3GPP TS 36. Isolate the variable, and solve for the variable by undoing any arithmetic. RRSP contributions can help change your tax outcome. The higher the value, the better (the higher the speed the LTE operator's base station can allocate). 2, respectively. If your local bank offers a savings account with daily compounding (365 times per year), what annual interest rate do you need to get to match the rate of return in your investment account?To solve the equation for different variables step-by-step clear any fractions by multiplying both sides of the equation by the LCM of the denominators. This study analyzes the LTE-A network based on actual field measurements. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. This page will explain about various aspect of Measurement Process that is happening in a LTE. To perform UE Attach, cell selection, cell reselection, handover procedures RSRP measurements are needed. Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ) Finally the RSRP is used as the criterion for cell reselection. This Page provides information about 4G LTE RS (Reference signal) RE power boosting calculator. 65, it might be able to sustain a reasonable quality till -113 dBm RSRP and -5 dB SINR (empirical values) but the same call on WB 23. RSSI for LTE is a calculated from several other signal related measurements: RSSI = wideband power = noise + serving cell power + interference power. Here N refers to number of resource blocks in NR carrier RSSI measurement Bandwidth. q-RxLevMinOffset . Wideband N = Full bandwidth (up to 100 Resource Blocks or 20 MHz) The reference point for RSRQ measurement is the antenna connector of the UE. tooltip. Compound. i) Get the Gap Pattern ID from RRC MeasGapConfig and additional SMTC parameter from. ) The factor of 1000 is used to convert millivolts per meter to microvolts per meter. RSRP range in 5G The reporting range of “SS-RSRP for L3” reporting is defined from -156 dBm to -31 dBm with 1 dB resolution. RSRQ – Indicates quality of the received signal, and its. negative exponents. RECEIVER. 72 (=0. 133 V8. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Measurements were conducted at 80 locations in the Samsun, Turkey, city center, using TEMS Investigation software. 0 (2010-03) R1 may be used in addition to R0 to determine RSRP if UE is able to detect reliably that R1 is available. The RSSI is measured in dBm and is a negative value. Use our interest rate calculator to work out the interest rate you're receiving on credit cards, loans, mortgages or savings. Here are the 5G numbers. SINR/SNR – The signal-to-noise ratio of the given signal. Hence, RSRP is also called as […]RSRP stands for “Reference Signal Received Power. The SI unit for density is kilogram per cubic meter, or kg/m3, while volume is expressed in m3, and mass in kg. This will return a string like: RSRQ is th Reference Signal Received Quality and it can be defined using following equation: RSRQ= (N* RSRP)/RSSI. The power is evenly divided across all the subcarriers so each is 1W/1200 = 0. RSSI varies with LTE downlink bandwidth. and details fullForm For RSRP and what is benefits for pay in RSRP and my total gross salary information give mi please. We will be taking N RE directly for TBS calculator. The calculation is based on the 3GPP TS 38. SNR 12 dB. Below is a list of our OSRS Skill Calculators, each offering the ability to estimate how much work is needed to achieve your level goals. Visited7 Digital WorldIn the end I wasn't able to convert RSRP to RSSI, but I have managed to get approximate RSSI value. SINR is the term for signal quality, and is measured in decibels (dB). Then, based on. RSRQ = N ×. File No. All raw material costs used in the calculators are based on real-time prices from the Grand Exchange Market Watch. tooltip. RSRP (Reference Signal Received Power) RSRQ (Reference Signal Received Quality) SINR (Signal to Interference & Noise Ratio) You can find more info about RSRP & RSRQ in our page: RSRP and RSRQ Measurement in LTE. ASU = (RSSI + 113) / 2. In this page we present a simple LTE RSRP & RSRQ calculator. 10. This is effectively the power of the booster, and a higher value (closer to zero) means a stronger signal. RSRP range in 5G The reporting range of “SS-RSRP for L3” reporting is defined from -156 dBm to -31 dBm with 1 dB resolution. So, the planning of the A2 threshold of. It mentions 5G NR Event A1, Event A2, Event A3, Event A4, Event A5 and Event A6. So let's look at the components of the SNR and they see how to determine it. For a studio, the recommended value is 323 lx. . There is a formula for each network and the simple formula for LTE is the ASU number subtracted by 141. Router R o u t e r = outer radius of coverage. In most areas, you can receive signal from more than one tower at the same time. Both LTE RSRP and LTE RSRQ parameters are used for cell selection, cell re-selection and handover. LTE RSRP Calculator | LTE RSRQ Calculator | RSSI, RSRP, RSRQ This page covers LTE RSRP calculator and LTE RSRQ calculator . 1. N is the number of Physical Resource Blocks (PRBs) over which the RSSI is measured, typically equal to system bandwidth. 10 percent on income up to $11,000. 4G/LTE. . 7. ago. 0 (2010-03) RSRP does a better job of measuring signal power from a specific sector while potentially excluding noise and interference from other sectors. The formula/equation used in LTE RSRP and RSRQ calculator are also mentioned. Government of of' Finance epart ment of Expencìlture Dated the h 00) 19 Subject: Date of next Increment under 10 of Central Civil Services (RevisedCalculate the tax savings your RRSP (Registered Retirement Saving Plan) contribution generates in each province and territory. For RSRP determination the cell-specific reference signals R0 shall be used. 4G/LTE. This could be due to the device being some distance away from the LTE transmitter. 2. Modified 4 years, 10 months ago. As a bonus, these calculators also estimate the profit / loss of training your skill - with accurate GE prices updated every day when the Grand Exchange guide prices are updated! Agility. 0 (2010-03) HO와 Cell Reselection을 결정하기 위해 cell signal의 강도를 선택하는데 도움을 주는 지표. Provide the inputs as per example mentioned as follows to the below calculator to determine 5G NR throughput. * RSRQ (Reference Signal Received Quality) : 단말기가 수신하는 pwr 대비 reference pwe의 비율. • when RSRP changes from >= -80 to -70dBm it is an improvement of 10 dBm. A cell signal booster can’t improve the quality (RSRQ) of the signal, but an outside directional antenna ( an LPDA or a Yagi. g. The reporting range of RSRP is defined from -140 dBm to -44 dBm with 1 dB resolution as shown in table below. 1. The measurement of RSRP may be based on energy of reference signal transmitted by antenna port 1 or 1 and 2. ETSI 3GPP TS 38. Your year of birth. The measurements in the numerator and denominator shall be made over the same set of resource blocks. FV = P [ (1+i)^n-1 ] * (1+i)/i FV. 0 (2010-03) The downlink KTBF, RSRP threshold and Planning thresholds (DL and UL) (if auto option is checked) will also update the same parameters used in the different interference calculations (like SNIR or RSRP maps). To calculate Roth IRA with after-tax inputs, please use our Roth IRA Calculator. RSRP and RSRQ Measurement in LTE. Of course, the user must have a modem that supports this standard. Sub: Bunching of stages of pay in the pre-7th CPC pay scales consequent upon fixation of pay in the revised pay scales based on 7th CPC – regarding. RSRP measurement report mapping (3GPP Reference: TS 36. 306, 38. Following table provides links to useful Wireless converters and calculators. The trajectories of 4G LTE RSRP, RSRQ, SINR, and PCC PHY Throughput performance distributions are as shown in Fig. Free Online Engineering Calculator to quickly estimate the Free Space Pathloss and RSSI value for a given Frequency and Power Level. The reporting range of “SS-RSRP and CSI-RSRP for L1” reporting is defined from -140 to -44 dBm with 1 dB resolution The mapping of measured quantity is defined in Table 10. 3-1. Solutions from Rohde & Schwarz mobile network testing have been used in 5G engineering use cases and pre-commercial trials since the beginning of 5G. 5 ms in time domain. hT h T = height of the transmitting antenna. com to track the latest on any changes in allowances or pay through a defense spending bill. The basic idea on RSRP/RSRQ in NR is also similar to LTE RSRP / RSRQ. the channel estimation results according to all RS in the coherent block calculates, and obtains corresponding RSRP;. We explain data symbols and noise, Constellation Diagrams and Quadrat. This calculator has been updated for the 'SECURE Act of 2019 and CARES Act of 2020'. Longitude of data point in Decimal Degrees (ex. Please suggest me, how can i find. [valid ASU is in the range of 0-31; 99 = unknown] LTE. This translates as a cost of borrowing. Another option to boost speed is to see whether your service provider has LTE-Advanced service in your region. RSRP, EPRE, Total Power . 3GPP TS 36. Inter-system LTE events B1 and B2 are based upon CPICH RSCP or CPICH Ec. 231). 214 E-UTRA Physical Layer Measurements' 규격을 참조하며 RSCP에 대한 보다 상세한 정의는 3GPP의 'TS25. Step-3: First calculate N info from N RE, R, Qm and v and use following procedure used for TBS (Transport Block Size) determination. Lets try to calculate RSRP, RSSI and RSRQ for one very simple case of one resource block with 12 sub carriers and 0. e. dBu mV/m. The signal strength is reported by the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI). PCMAX is the UE. Follow the discussion. 11ac 802. 5G NR Throughput calculator. With the introduction of our 5G scanners (R&S®TSMA6 and R&S®TSME6), in combination with the drive test software. It's a number describing the output power relative to some arbitrary base power. You may be borrowing the money from someone (loan) or lending it to them (savings. Select mV/m or dBu. For the Quectel BG96, the cellular modem supported by the imp006 module, the AT command QCSQ (which stands for Query and Report Signal Strength) can be used: AT+QCSQ. 5 ms in time domain. Log in or register to post comments; Print; jabedhussain. 4, Fig. 1-1: Nominal RBG size P, Table 6. It provides an indication of the radio link quality between the. Introduction. 8%. Loans. 5G에서는 SS-RSRP (Synchronization Signal), CSI-RSRP (Channel State Info. This is due to the fact that using an item as a raw material prevents the player from. latitude,longitude,altitude,MCC,MNC,LAC,CID,signal,type,subtype,ARFCN,PSC. The Reduced Row Echelon Form (RREF) is a special form of a matrix. 5G NR uses SS (Synchronization Signal) and CSI (Channel State Information) instead of CRS, so 3GPP had put new definitions for UE measurements in place. All rows of zeros are at the bottom of the matrix. 5G/NR - MIB / SIB. Set either the rise of one step or the number of stairs. Whereas RSRP is easy to interpret, the more complex RSRQ is a frequent source of misunderstanding. RSRP's reference point is the antenna connector of UE. 1-866-PASTERNACK (1-866-727-8376) US and Canada only • +1-949-261-1920 International • Email sales@pasternack. Reference signal received power (RSRP), is defined as the linear average over the power contributions of the resource elements that carry cell-specific reference signals within the considered measurement frequency bandwidth. 1 shows that when a RSRP of a neighborThis Page provides information about EPRE (Energy Per Resource Element) Calculator 5G, 4G. Ongoing contribution amount. Ec/No= 10 Log (CPICH Power/Total Transmit Power) RSSI stands for received Signal Strength Indicator, measured in dBm. Enter field strength. Hunter. Find the Sum of the Infinite Geometric Series Find the Sum of the Series. LTE Band. The reporting range of “SS-RSRP and CSI-RSRP for L1” reporting is defined from -140 to -44 dBm with 1 dB resolution The mapping of measured quantity is defined in Table 10. P is the amount you invest at regular intervals. It will also show you what would happen if you took money out before you retire. lte-earfcn-calculator examples - CodeSandbox. Section 8-3 Negative Exponents. )로 2개로 나뉨. (2) In LTE, the UE measurements are done for RSRP, RSRQ and SNR associated with CRS (Cell Specific Reference Signal) . Offers & Programs. RSRQ. Cell signals are everywhere. And using our graph once more, RSRP measures the RF power effectively of what is highlighted in red: Since the logarithmic ratio of 100 subcarriers to one subcarrier is 20 dB (e. * RSRQ (Reference Signal Received Quality) : 단말기가 수신하는 pwr 대비 reference pwe의 비율. Ads or links to completely uncorrelated things will be removed. RSSI Antenna factor K We measure the power at a known antenna (antenna factor K) and convert into fieldstrength TX antenna with gain g and power P t generates power flux S (=ExH) With Z 0 = 377Ωwe can convert S as W/m2 into E as V/m Effective areaA e, when P = RX power, S = flow. For our purposes here, you'll only want to pay attention to the rsrp0 or rsrp numbers, which will be closest to the. Read full article | Subscribe us:would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Interest Rate. 1232). 22 percent for income above $44,725. Last updated on Apr 22, 2023. However, the overall interference on the RS RE for a given cell would increase due to multiple neighboring cells transmitting more power on their. 6. 1-1. The 5G NR Throughput Calculator is developed as per 3GPP TS 38. To borrow from your TSP account, you must be a federal employee in pay status. Retirement Budget Calculator. 1-1. In most practical scenarios, it is used together with the reference signal received quality (RSRQ) in determining handover and cell re-selection of a network system accessed by the user. Use the RBC Royal Bank RRSP Loan Calculator to find out how much an RRSP loan investment. Following equations/formula are used in this LTE PCI calculator which helps in PSS/SSS to PCI conversion and vice. For sake of simplicity, lets assume the power of reference symbols (shown by red square) and power of other symbols carrying other data channels (shown by blue square) is same i. Just like RSRP measurement reporting. This tool will help you see how changing what you put in your registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) can affect your retirement savings. An RSRP of -95dBm would be a strong signal whereas -115dBm would be very weak. A technology of reference signal and orthogonal frequency division, which is applied in the field of estimation of received power of reference signal, and can solve problems such as not givenCoinTiger offers reliable and convenient trading services, including Spot, Fiat, Futures, and Leveraged Tokens, supported on both the website and the application. Then, the averages of these recorded data were calculated, and detailed analyses were performed. Pasternack's RF Free Space Path Loss (FSPL) Calculators is the ideal measurement tool that allows loss or attenuation of signal strength calculations between two antennas. The antenna downtilt and coverage calculator (aka antenna tilt angle calculator) is used to determine the approximate downward angle, measured in degrees, which the transmitting antenna is to be positioned for optimal signal strength and coverage. This video helps you to understand the LTE/VoLTE basic Parameter. Loan Term. Write a simulation program that recreates the desired scenario topology/architecture. You want to get y by itself on one side of the equation, so you need to divide both sides by 2 to get y = 3x - 6. 213 version 10. The formulas used in. The signal strength of the LTE modem can also be determined using the SIGNAL STRENGTH indicators on the top panel of the device. 306 standard: NR User Equipment (UE) radio access capabilities and uses formula to obtain a 5G NR Throughput data rate in the DL (downlink) and the UL (uplink). As per the definition of RSSI, It is wide band power including signal power from serving cell, co-channel neighbour cell, interference from other cell interference and noise, in similar word one can say that RSRQ define the purity. You may notice we’re talking about taxable income above. It is a measure of how much signal power the device loses over a given distance.